Zipf's Law

Rank and frequency often follow a steep long-tail pattern

Industry Analysis: Railroads/Rail Freight

Market structure, profit pools, strategic levers

Industry Analysis: Credit Bureaus/Credit Scoring

Market structure, profit pools, strategic levers

Lululemon Business Model

Vertical integration, community retail, premium branding

How Companies Reinvent Business Models

Strategic pivots that outlast declining core markets

Upwork's Freelance Marketplace Model

Fees on every freelancer-client transaction

The Diderot Effect

How one purchase quietly triggers many more

Vine's Rise and Fall

A short-video hit that never made money

Social Proof

Social proof describes how people use the visible behavior of others as a cue for what is credible, valuable, or appropriate to choose

Ehrenberg–Bass Theory

Ehrenberg–Bass Theory argues that brand growth is driven largely by increasing penetration through stronger mental and physical availability rather than by relying mainly on deep loyalty among a narrow audience

Peltzman Effect

Safety gains can be diluted by behavioral adaptation

Byron Sharp's Mental Availability

Mental availability refers to the likelihood that a brand comes to mind or is recognized in buying situations, shaping whether it enters the buyer's consideration set